DID THEY KNOW ?
Viruses and Cancer, 1962: What They Knew
Medicine's Goal: Cause and Cure of Cancer. Some Say Virus Starts Trouble; Some,
Hormones, by Earl Ubell. New York Herald Tribune 1958 July 13.
NY Herald
Tribune 1958 / tobacco document
Application for research grant to the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (Kotin,
Jacobson, and Reimann), by Christopher M. Martin, Oct. 6, 1959. Project or
subject: Interactions of viruses, carcinogens, and nucleic acids.
Martin
- TIRC 1959 / tobacco document
TIRC review of lung carcinogenesis literature, Oct. 1, 1959. Lists 20 viruses
causing tumors in 9 species of animals, and the years of publication dating
back to 1898.
TIRC
review, 1959 / tobacco document
Show virus cancer link. Research workers of Seton Hall team give report. Staff
correspondent, Newark News 1961 June 29; and: Virus Link to Cancer. Science
News Letter July 3, 1961. Re Christopher Martin et al. "Viruses have been
shown to bind together cancer-causing materials in test tubes. Researchers
believe viruses serve as carriers of the cancer agents, Faye Marley reports."
http://tobaccodocuments.org/atc/60260159.html#images
'Piggy-Back' Viruses Held Possible Cancer Cause, by Alton Blakeslee, Associated
Press. Tucson Citizen 1961 June 29. In: News Reports and Comment, The Tobacco
Institute Inc., 1961 August. Re Martin et al.
Tucson
Citizen 1961 / tobacco document
Common human viruses as carcinogen vectors. CM Martin, S Magnusson, PJ Goscienski,
GF Hansen. Science 1961 Dec. 25;134:1985-1986. "It has been a continuing
paradox in the field of experimental neoplasias that carcinogens strongly implicated
in human tumorigenesis, though present in the human environment in only trace
amounts, will ordinarily induce neoplasia in animals only when administered
in relatively large amounts, or when given together with various chemical or
physical 'co-carcinogens'... This report presents evidence of in vitro and
in vivo interactions between common human viruses and chemical carcinogens;
the results suggest a hypothesis that viruses may serve as natural vectors
for the transport of otherwise innocuous amounts of environmental carcinogens
(mutagens) to susceptible intracellular chromosomal loci."
Martin
- Science 1961 / tobacco document
Human adenovirus type 12, 1962
In 1962, the discovery that human adenovirus type 12 caused lung cancers in "nonsmoking" hamsters
produced a brief stir of excitement. The Lasker Syndicate exploited it to help
drum up public support for the establishment of the NCI's Special Virus Cancer
Program.
American Cancer Society News Release Says: Human Virus Causes Cancer To Be
Produced In Lungs Of Non-Smoking Animals. Tobacco Growers Information Committee
News, Jan. 1962, page 4. "Human virus (adenovirus, type #12) produced
lung cancers in 80% to 90% of experimental hamsters, according to an American
Cancer Society news service release and news stories by the Associated Press
and United Press International distributed to afternoon clients on April 13.
Giving new support to a possible role of viruses in causing human cancer was
a report of a medical team of Baylor's Dr. John J. Trentin and Dr. Yoshiro
Yabe and University of Texas' Dr. Grant Taylor. The paper, read before an American
Association for Cancer Research meeting at Atlantic City, N.J., told of work
being done with U.S. Army scientists at Fort Dix, N.J. and Fort Sam Houston,
Texas. The Texas researchers said the human adenovirus is of a kind responsible
for some respiratory diseases but sharply differs from agents believed to cause
the common cold. The Trentin research may be the first of several steps to
a vaccine for adenovirus-caused cancers, if they do exist in humans, the release
said."
Tobacco
Growers Information Committee News, Jan. 1962 / tobacco document
"Current knowledge of tobacco and health," by TIRC Scientific Director
Robert C. Hockett, April 5, 1962. Page 12: "These results are all recent
and not even yet fully published. I think they are quite exciting. They seem
to me to support our philosophical position that the genesis of lung cancer must
involve a number of interesting factors... Evidently viruses can play a role,
though they seem to act as damaging agents rather than as specific cancer [emphasized]
viruses in the studies cited."
Hockett
1962 / tobacco document
Common Variety Viruses, Cancer Are Linked Anew. By Earl Ubell, Science Editor.
New York Herald Tribune 1962 Apr 14; and: Human Cold, Animal Cancer. Scientific
American, 1962 May. The Herald Tribune: "The three men from Baylor University
Medical School and M.D. Anderson Hospital discovered A-12's cancerous bent
by following up an old idea of the late Dr. Francisco Duran-Reynals, of Yale,
one of the earliest proponents of the virus-cancer concept. Dr. Duran-Reynals
believed common viruses could, under the right conditions, be cancer-causing.
He labored mightily to prove the contention until he died a few years ago." Two
known possible contaminants, SV-40 and polyomavirus were ruled out. Scientific
American noted that "certain animal viruses have been found to cause both
acute infections and, as a later affect, cancer. Moreover, these viruses cannot
always be recovered from the tumors that they produce."
NY
Herald Tribune & Scientific American, 1962 / tobacco document
Virus Causes Lung Cancer in Animals. David Dietz. Cleveland Press, 1962 May
1. In: News Reports and Comment, July 1962. The Tobacco Institute. "A
survey made by the Baylor scientists showed that more than one-fourth of patients
treated for a variety of diseases at one hospital had been exposed to Adenovirus
12 at some time and now possessed antibodies in their blood which made them
immune to the virus. However, it is not yet known how many healthy people have
the virus in their system. It is known that the virus can lie dormant for many
years following a childhood infection and then break out again in later life."
News
Reports and Comment, The Tobacco Institute July 1962 / tobacco document
Scientists Report... Human virus induces animal lung cancers. Tobacco Institute:
Research Reports on Tobacco and Health 1962 Jul;5(1):1, 3. Concerning Trentin
et al.
Tobacco
and Health, July 1962 / tobacco document
The Quest for Human Cancer Viruses. JJ Trentin, Y Yabe, G Taylor. Science 1962
Sep 14;137:835-841. Trentin, Yabe, and Taylor report their findings.
Trentin
- Science 1962 / tobacco document
Cancer produced in animals by 2 common human viruses. By John Troan, Scripps-Howard
Newspapers. New York World Telegram 1962 Sep 14. Mentions that Trentin et al.'s
work was confirmed "shortly afterward" by RJ Huebner at NIH, and
that their work is being supported by the NIH, American Cancer Society, El
Paso (Tex.) Better Health Foundation and the Greater Longview (Tex.) United
Fund.
World
Telegram Sep 1962 / tobacco document
Special Report - Eighth International Cancer Congress. Tobacco Institute: Research
Reports on Tobacco and Health 1962 Sep-Oct;5(2). "In a report on the Congress,
The Lancet of August 25 said that 'By far the most striking development revealed
by the Congress was the tremendous change in status of the hypothesis of the
viral etiology of cancer. Altogether more than 50 papers on this topic were
presented.' (At the 1958 Congress in London the program included only four
papers specifically on viruses and cancer.)"
TI Special Report, Sep-Oct 1962 / tobacco document
Comments on the article by Trentin in Science 1962 by an unknown author, Nov.
1, 1962. "Although in my opinion this does not prove that many human cancers
are caused by viruses, it does open the door to an extent which should cause
some jurors to think." Evidently in the early days, there were some who
truly opposed the anti-smokers.
Unknown, Nov. 1962 / tobacco document
Application renewal for research grant by Philip Cooper, Irene P. Goldring
and Herbert Volk, Nov. 2, 1962. Project or subject: Study of the combined effect
of injected viral agents and environmental factors (including smoke and air
pollutants) on the tracheo-bronchial tree and pulmonary parenchyma of experimental
animals, and on tissues in organ culture. In Syrian hamsters, with Ad12 "and
other adenoviruses as type 18."
Cooper
Application Renewal Nov. 1962 / tobacco document
Symposium on chemical carcinogenesis. Introduction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1962
Nov-Dec;3:774-775. Michael B. Shimkin, Associate Director for Field Studies
of the National Cancer Institute, reporting on a symposium on chemical carcinogenesis: "In
this group of articles, little has been said about the most actively developing
and the most promising approach to the study of neoplastic disease, that of
the role of viruses. This biological environment of man is shared by other
species, and it is no longer tenable to consider that such entities as the
Rous virus of chickens, the Bittner virus of mice, and the polyoma virus are
one-species laboratory curiosities. Indeed, the neoplastic potentials in hamsters
of the Simian Virus 40 and of the human Adenovirus 12 seem to be close to the
very lock of the human neoplastic secret."
Shimkin
1962 / tobacco document
Tobacco Industry Research Council, Current Digest of Scientific Papers Relating
to Tobacco Use 1963 Jan;8(3):25. RJ Huebner et al. report their experiment
with Ad12 confirming Trentin et al. and additionally with Ad18 (Proc Natl Acad
Sci 1962 Dec;48:2051-2058).
TIRC
Current Digest Dec. 1962 / tobacco document
Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health 1963. "For
example, in research on viruses as a cause of cancer, an area in whcih the
Institute has focused intensive efforts, more than 190 grants are in effect
in this country and abroad.... Although to date, no human cancer-causing virus
has been found, research by grantee Dr. J. Trentin and co-workers at Baylor
University in Texas touches on a long-standing suspicion that viruses which
cause acute infections in man may also play a role in causing cancer.... At
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Robert J. Huebner
and colleagues, using adenoviruses 12 and 18, have obtained similar results."
NCI
Program, 1963 / tobacco document
Jan. 28, 1963 memo from PR Counsel Leonard S. Zahn of Hill & Knowlton to
Alexander Holtzman concerning titles of "interesting papars" at the
17th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research session on "Viruses,
nucleic acids and cancer," to be held in February 1963.
Zahm memo Jan. 1963 / tobacco document
Special report from Houston. Scientists discuss viruses and cancer. Tobacco
Institute, Research Reports on Tobacco and Health 1963 Mar-Apr;6(1). Concerning
the 17th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research sponsored by MD Anderson
Hospital and Tumor Institute. The session on viruses drew over 1000 registrants.
Tobacco
and Health Mar-Apr 1963 / tobacco document
Memo from Philip Cooper of the Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, NY,
to Robert C. Hockett of the TIRC, April 16, 1963. Cooper met with John Trentin; "it
appears obvious to me that we are in a better position using an influenza virus,
such as PR-8, or the vaccinia virus in lung studies for they are more likely
to produce epithelial changes, whereas the adenovirus 12, so far seems to be
inducing malignant connective tissue tumors. Maria Duran-Reynals is to use
the vaccinia to induce pulmonary lesions. The animals will subsequently be
exposed to gases. Dr. Geldring, meanwhile, will combine the work with the influenza
virus."
Cooper memo to Hockett, 1963 / tobacco document
The Niles Cluster. Newsweek 1963 Apr 22. Discusses the investigation into a
possible viral cause of a cluster of leukemia cases in Niles, Illinois, and
mentions the adenovirus work of Trentin et al.
Newsweek
1963 April / tobacco document
May 7, 1963 Hill & Knowlton memo concerning House hearings on NIH appropriations
in March 1963. From NCI Director Kenneth Endicott's prepared statement: "To
date no human cancer-causing virus has been found. However, we know for example
of a group of human viruses that have not yet been linked with specific diseases,
and some animal viruses that cause bizarre changes in human cells growing in
tissue culture.... Our interest has been aroused by recent evidence obtained
independently by Dr. John J. Trentin, Baylor University, and Dr. Robert J.
Huebner, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, that some of
the human adenoviruses, which cause acute respiratory illness, produce tumors
in hamsters...."
Hill & Knowlton Memo May 7, 1963 / tobacco document
July 12, 1963, announcement of appointments to the NCI's Board of Scientific
Counselors, including Leon Jacobson (a member of the CTR SAB from 1954 to 1991)
and John J. Trentin, with William U. Gardner (a member of the CTR SAB from
1971-85) as the new chairman of the Board.
NCI Board of Scientific Counselors July 1963 / tobacco document
Application for TIRC Research Grant from Morris Pollard of the University of
Notre Dame, Aug. 13, 1963. Project or Subject: Carcinogenesis in Germfree Animals.
Committee: Jacobson, Kotin and Lynch. Another emphasis on chemical carcinogens.
Pollard Grant Application 1963 / tobacco document
In 1964, the current deputy director of the NCI, Alan Rabson, and his wife,
Ruth Kirschstein, the acting director of the National Institutes of Health,
with FJ Paul, published their own paper adding that Ad12 caused tumors in mice:
Tumors produced by Adenovirus 12 in mastomys and mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1964;32:77-82.
Both Rabson and Kirschstein were also involved in subsequent research.
Rabson's
adenovirus research / Pub Med
Kirschstein's adenovirus research / Pub Med
In a 1965 letter to Paul D. Smith, Vice President and General Counsel of Philip
Morris, Alexander Holtzmann describes how R. Lee Clark intimidated Dr. Leon
Dmochowski out of testifying to Congress about the evidence that human cancers
may be caused by viruses. "As to Dr. Dmochowski he observed that he was
not raising any issues of academic or scientific freedom because he would not
prevent him from appearing. But he repeated that it would be poor judgment
on Dmochowski's part to agree to this. I told him that this attitude was tantamount
to his prohibiting Dmochowski from cooperating since he must know that Dmochowski
would not go ahead when informed how Clark felt about it. He let this pass
without comment."
Holtzmann letter, 1965 / tobacco document
John J. Trentin only published a few more papers on adenovirus: Animal-man
cancer probes continue. GL Van Hoosier, W Stenback, SC Dunn, EJ Macdonald,
MC Macdonald, HG Taylor, JJ Trentin. JAMA 1966 Jun 27;196(13):Suppl:30-31;
and Stimulation of DNA synthesis in human and hamster cells by human adenovirus
types 12 and 5. M Takahashi, GL Van Hoosier Jr, JJ Trentin. Proc Soc Exp Biol
Med 1966 Jul;122(3):740-746. No Pub Med abstracts.
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